ISLAMABAD: For decades, political leaders, generals, and commentators have leaned on a familiar phrase to explain repeated foreign failures in Afghanistan: “the graveyard of empires.”

The expression suggests inevitability, that geography and culture doom any outside power to defeat, turning policy missteps into acts of fate.

But scholars and analysts argue the phrase is less historical truth than convenient narrative.

Abdul Basit, Senior Associate Fellow at the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, calls it “a very narrow framing which deprives the country of its diversity and the vitality it offers.”

He warns the implications extend beyond semantics: “If Afghanistan is in trouble, because it is the heart of Asia, the entire Asia will be in trouble.”

A modern phrase, not an ancient truth

The historical record does not support the idea that Afghanistan has consistently defeated foreign powers.

The phrase itself only entered widespread use in November 2001, when former CIA station chief Milton Bearden wrote in Foreign Affairs that empires from Alexander the Great to the Soviet Union had been undone by “unruly Afghan tribals.”

Historians R. Gerald Hughes and James Fergusson reject that thesis, arguing it is “historically illiterate and empirically flawed.”

They contend the narrative distorts two millennia of regional history, though its resurgence in 2001 aligned closely with the United States preparing to invade Afghanistan.

Research drawing on imperial records and studies by Thomas Barfield indicates the territory was under foreign rule for at least 75.95% of the past 2,000 years, rising to 87.85% under stricter definitions.

Barfield describes an “Afghan Paradox”: stability historically depended on strong centralized authority, not resistance to it.

Empires including the Mongols, Kushans, Mughals, and Safavids ruled successfully for extended periods. In this framing, Afghanistan was less a graveyard than a strategic corridor. A “highway of conquest” linking major regions.

Origins in imperial failure

The roots of the myth trace back to the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842). While the British invasion initially succeeded, it ended in catastrophe during a retreat in which thousands of soldiers and civilians were killed near Gandamak.

According to Martin J. Bayly, colonial records framed the defeat in ways that shifted blame from military leadership to the environment and local population. Nivi Manchanda argues this narrative was deliberately constructed to shield decision-makers from scrutiny.

Sahar Khan of the Stimson Center describes the pattern clearly: “The term shifts the blame away from decision-makers and onto things like the terrain, decentralized power structures, and cultural norms.”

The British themselves undermined the myth during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1881), adapting their strategy and ultimately imposing a protectorate over Afghanistan for decades.

Repeating the narrative

The Soviet experience followed a similar trajectory. Journalist Arshad Yousafzai notes: “the Soviets didn't collapse solely because of Afghanistan, they fell apart because of deep economic rot and political shifts back in Moscow.”

Despite this, the “graveyard” framing persists, often simplifying complex geopolitical failures into cultural inevitabilities.

Human consequences

Analysts say the narrative carries real-world costs. By recasting policy failures as destiny, it obscures accountability and sidelines the lived realities of Afghans.

Recent reporting by Amnesty International and the US State Department documents severe restrictions on women’s rights, along with arbitrary arrests, forced disappearances, and extrajudicial killings.

As Khan puts it, “The phrase ‘graveyard of empires’ transforms a policy failure into a destiny.”

The historical record suggests otherwise. What ended foreign campaigns in Afghanistan was not an immutable landscape or culture, but decisions made by those who led them.

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Myth of Afghanistan as ‘graveyard of empires’ masks foreign accountability