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ISLAMABAD: Astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope have found an ancient galaxy that is not spinning, surprising scientists who study how galaxies form, Space Daily reported on Sunday. The galaxy, called XMM-VID1-2075, existed when the universe was less than 2 billion years old. That makes it extremely old and distant from Earth.&nbsp; According to University of California-Davis (UC Davis) researchers, early galaxies are expected to rotate because gas flowing into them, combined with gravity, usually sets them spinning.&nbsp; But this galaxy showed no clear sign of rotation. Instead, its stars and material appear to move in a more random way. That pattern is normally seen in very large, older galaxies closer to Earth, which have had billions of years to change through repeated collisions and mergers.&nbsp; Ben Forrest, a UC Davis research scientist and lead author of the study published in Nature Astronomy, said the finding was surprising because the galaxy had reached this slow-moving state so early in cosmic history, according to his paper published in Nature Astronomy journal. The galaxy is also unusually massive for its age, with several times more stars than the Milky Way, and it had already stopped forming new stars.&nbsp; The team studied XMM-VID1-2075 and two other ancient galaxies using Webb&rsquo;s powerful instruments. One galaxy was clearly rotating, another looked disorganized, and XMM-VID1-2075 showed no rotation at all.&nbsp; The James Webb telescope made this possible because such faraway galaxies appear tiny and are very difficult to study from the ground.&nbsp; Scientists think one possible explanation is a major collision between two galaxies spinning in opposite directions. Such a crash could have canceled out much of the rotation.&nbsp; The researchers also noticed extra light to one side of the galaxy, which may point to another object interacting with it.&nbsp; The discovery matters because it gives astronomers a new way to test ideas about how galaxies grew in the young universe.&nbsp; Researchers now plan to search for more examples.&nbsp; Finding out whether XMM-VID1-2075 is unusual or part of a wider pattern could help scientists better understand how today&rsquo;s galaxies came to be.

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Astronomers using the James Webb Telescope discovered an ancient, massive galaxy without rotation, challenging current theories of galaxy formation and suggesting early cosmic collisions may have shaped its unusual structure.

James Webb telescope spots mysterious non-rotating early galaxy

ISLAMABAD: NASA announced on Tuesday that its Curiosity Rover has discovered the most diverse set of organic molecules ever identified on Mars. The discovery included seven carbon-containing molecules never seen there before.&nbsp; The announcement came in a release from NASA&rsquo;s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, based on a paper published the same day in Nature Communications. In simple terms, organic molecules are chemical compounds built around carbon. They matter because they are part of the chemistry linked to life, though their presence does not, by itself, prove that life existed.&nbsp; NASA stressed that scientists still do not know whether these molecules were formed by living things long ago or by non-living geological processes. The molecules were found in a rock sample drilled by Curiosity in 2020. The sample came from a spot nicknamed Mary Anning 3 on Mount Sharp. NASA said this area was once covered by lakes and streams billions of years ago. Over time, the region became rich in clay minerals. That is important because clay can preserve ancient chemicals for very long periods. This is why the finding matters so much. Even after billions of years of radiation and harsh Martian conditions, these compounds survived in the rock.&nbsp; NASA said the result adds to evidence that ancient Mars had the right chemistry to potentially support life. One of the most significant discoveries was a nitrogen heterocycle, a ring-shaped molecule containing nitrogen.&nbsp; NASA said this kind of structure is considered a chemical precursor to more complex compounds connected to RNA and DNA, which carry genetic information in life on Earth. Another important molecule found was benzothiophene. NASA said it contains carbon and sulfur.&nbsp; The agency added that it has also been seen in meteorites and is useful for studying the kinds of chemistry that may have helped set the stage for life in the early solar system. The testing was done using Curiosity&rsquo;s onboard mini-laboratory, Sample Analysis at Mars, or SAM. NASA said the Mary Anning 3 sample was the first Martian sample treated with a powerful chemical solution called TMAH, which helps break larger compounds into smaller pieces that are easier to detect. NASA said the work could also help future space missions. Parts of SAM are already being adapted for the European Space Agency&rsquo;s Rosalind Franklin rover and for NASA&rsquo;s Dragonfly mission to Saturn&rsquo;s moon Titan.

The space agency says the result adds to evidence that ancient Mars had the right chemistry to potentially support life.

NASA Rover detects rare organic molecules on Mars

ISLAMABAD: NASA and SpaceX will return the four astronauts of the Crew-11 mission from the International Space Station (ISS) on Jan. 14, cutting short their stay aboard the space station following a medical issue involving a crew member, the US space agency said on Monday.<div class="fr-embed"><div class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" style="display: flex; max-width: 550px; width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><iframe id="twitter-widget-0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true" title="X Post" src="https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-0&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=2010797683796070660&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.d1wrm1qseko1cp.amplifyapp.com%2Farticles%2Fnew%2F&sessionId=384c2a3b4c5180f70fba7affb93efc2f29ddfa48&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px" style="position: static; visibility: visible; width: 550px; height: 667px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;">&nbsp;</iframe></div></div>NASA said the decision was taken after consultations with flight surgeons and mission managers, concluding that the astronaut would be better evaluated and treated on Earth. The agency described the move as a precautionary medical return, stressing that the crew member is in stable condition and that the spacecraft and station remain safe. &ldquo;This is the first time in the International Space Station&rsquo;s 25-year history that a mission has been ended early for medical reasons,&rdquo; a NASA spokesperson said, calling the step &ldquo;unprecedented&rdquo; but necessary to prioritize the astronaut&#39;s health. Crew-11 launched to the ISS aboard a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft in August 2025 for a mission originally expected to last about six months. The crew includes NASA astronauts Zena Cardman and Michael Fincke, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Kimiya Yui, and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov. NASA said it would not disclose the identity of the affected astronaut or details of the medical condition, citing privacy rules. Officials emphasized that there was no emergency aboard the station and that the return would follow standard procedures. The Crew Dragon spacecraft is scheduled to undock from the ISS on Jan. 14, with a splashdown off the US West Coast expected the following day, weather permitting. Recovery teams will be on standby, and NASA plans to conduct post-landing medical evaluations and briefings after the crew returns. NASA said the early departure would not significantly disrupt space station operations. Other astronauts and cosmonauts currently aboard the ISS will continue routine research and maintenance work. The agency added that it is reviewing whether adjustments are needed to the schedule for upcoming crew rotations.

Official portrait of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 to the International Space Station: from left, Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov; NASA astronaut Mike Fincke; JAXA astronaut Kimiya Yui; and NASA astronaut Zena Cardman. (Image: SpaceX)

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The astronauts are scheduled to depart the International Space Station on Jan. 14, weeks ahead of schedule, after doctors advised Earth-based evaluation, marking the first such health-related early return in the station’s 25-year history.

NASA to bring SpaceX Crew-11 back early over medical concerns

ISLAMABAD: Pakistan on Monday urged the United Nations Security Council to develop legally binding international rules to regulate the rapidly growing number of satellites in outer space, warning that unchecked expansion in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) threatens digital equity, national sovereignty, and global security of developing countries. Speaking at an informal Arria-Formula meeting of the 15-member Security Council in New York, Pakistani delegate Gul Qaiser Sarwani outlined a stark vision of a space economy increasingly dominated by a handful of wealthy nations and powerful corporations.&nbsp; <div class="fr-embed"><div class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" style="display: flex; max-width: 550px; width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><iframe id="twitter-widget-0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true" title="X Post" src="https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-0&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=2005741334670499887&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.d1wrm1qseko1cp.amplifyapp.com%2Farticles%2F&sessionId=ce1f2ef5569f2f2fd42c04d19e23d25d5702c8f3&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px" style="position: static; visibility: visible; width: 550px; height: 720px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</iframe></div> </div>SpaceX&rsquo;s Starlink constellation alone comprises approximately two-thirds of all active satellites, with more than 9,000 satellites currently in orbit (about 8,600 operational) and regulatory approval for up to roughly 12,000 additional satellites, according to the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC). What is the problem?Pakistan warned that the unregulated proliferation of LEO satellites risks exacerbating the global digital divide by privileging states with advanced technological and financial capabilities, while marginalizing others&rsquo; access to orbital resources and spectrum. Pakistan&#39;s position is unequivocal: outer space, including LEO, is the province of all humankind, not subject to national appropriation or de facto control.&nbsp; &ldquo;Outer space is a global commons and must not become the exclusive domain of a few,&rdquo; Sarwani said.&nbsp;&ldquo;Technological or commercial dominance must not translate into exclusive access or regulatory advantage.&rdquo; Pakistan argued that the pace and scale of satellite expansion have outstripped existing international governance frameworks. While space is governed by treaties such as the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, these agreements were drafted decades before the rise of private space companies and do not impose enforceable limits on the number of satellites, traffic management, or data use. Sarwani warned that the absence of binding rules risks creating &lsquo;satellite congestion&rsquo; &mdash; overcrowding of orbital pathways that could increase collision risks and generate long-lasting space debris. National sovereignty and militarization concernsPakistan also framed the issue as one of national sovereignty. Foreign-controlled satellite constellations operating over national territories, the delegation warned, could undermine states&rsquo; ability to regulate data flows, protect privacy, and safeguard sensitive infrastructure. The use of satellite networks for surveillance, intelligence gatherin,g and information operations could heighten mistrust among states and exacerbate geopolitical tension.&nbsp;&ldquo;Unregulated satellite activity risks eroding strategic stability,&rdquo; Sarwani cautioned, adding that transparency and accountability were essential to prevent misperceptions and escalation. Raising alarm over the growing militarization of space, Pakistan noted that the dual-use nature of many satellite technologies blurs the line between civilian and military applications. This, it warned, increases the risk of conflict and miscalculation, particularly as space-based assets become integral to modern warfare. Are other countries pushing back?Pakistan isn&#39;t alone in raising these concerns. Several African countries have advocated for reconsidering the first-come, first-served principle, arguing that principles of equity and conservation should prevail.&nbsp; Iran has similarly argued that existing regulations for orbital slots allocation have restricted the capacity of many countries, with many orbital slots occupied only by the most developed countries, leaving little chance for developing countries to place their own satellites on appropriate orbital slots. The European Space Agency has experienced the operational challenges firsthand. In 2019, ESA had to maneuver its Earth observation satellite to avoid a collision with a Starlink satellite. This incident highlighted how the rapid deployment of commercial constellations is creating coordination challenges even for established space agencies. <img src="https://paktv-assets-7d41fab8.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ac542e1e-0723-43a6-9367-9b40d763201a.png" style="width: 334px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib fr-fil">Predicted near miss between Aeolus and Starlink 44 (European Space Agency) The solutionWhile many developing countries are pursuing national satellite programmes to reduce dependence &mdash; including Pakistan&rsquo;s PakSat high-throughput satellite, Turkey&rsquo;s T&Uuml;RKSAT-6A launched in 2024, and Brazil&rsquo;s Amaz&ocirc;nia-1 for environmental monitoring &mdash; Islamabad argued that national efforts alone are insufficient.<div class="fr-embed"><div class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" style="display: flex; max-width: 550px; width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><iframe id="twitter-widget-1" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true" title="X Post" src="https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-1&features=eyJ0ZndfdGltZWxpbmVfbGlzdCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOltdLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X2ZvbGxvd2VyX2NvdW50X3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9iYWNrZW5kIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19yZWZzcmNfc2Vzc2lvbiI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZm9zbnJfc29mdF9pbnRlcnZlbnRpb25zX2VuYWJsZWQiOnsiYnVja2V0Ijoib24iLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X21peGVkX21lZGlhXzE1ODk3Ijp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRyZWF0bWVudCIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZXhwZXJpbWVudHNfY29va2llX2V4cGlyYXRpb24iOnsiYnVja2V0IjoxMjA5NjAwLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X3Nob3dfYmlyZHdhdGNoX3Bpdm90c19lbmFibGVkIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19kdXBsaWNhdGVfc2NyaWJlc190b19zZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdXNlX3Byb2ZpbGVfaW1hZ2Vfc2hhcGVfZW5hYmxlZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdmlkZW9faGxzX2R5bmFtaWNfbWFuaWZlc3RzXzE1MDgyIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRydWVfYml0cmF0ZSIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfbGVnYWN5X3RpbWVsaW5lX3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9mcm9udGVuZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9fQ%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1810466027790315942&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.d1wrm1qseko1cp.amplifyapp.com%2Farticles%2F&sessionId=ce1f2ef5569f2f2fd42c04d19e23d25d5702c8f3&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px" style="position: static; visibility: visible; width: 550px; height: 528px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;"></iframe></div></div>Pakistan urged the international community to move beyond voluntary guidelines and confidence-building measures, calling instead for a comprehensive, legally binding UN-led framework to govern satellite traffic management, ensure equitable access to orbital resources, and prevent the weaponization of outer space.

File: MetOp Second Generation A-type satellite (Wikimedia Commons)

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Pakistan urged the UN Security Council to adopt binding rules on satellite traffic, warning that uncontrolled satellites threaten digital equity, national sovereignty, and space security as Low Earth Orbit becomes increasingly crowded worldwide.

Space sovereignty: Pakistan’s fight for space rights

ISLAMABAD: Pakistan is set to launch its first hyperspectral satellite, HS-1, into orbit tomorrow, marking a significant milestone in the country&rsquo;s advancement toward high-resolution space-based monitoring and data applications.&nbsp;In an official statement issued this week, the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) announced that the HS-1 satellite will be launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre (JSLC) in China.&nbsp;&ldquo;The launch of HS-1 marks a new era in the development of space-based applications in agriculture, disaster management, urban development, and environmental monitoring,&rdquo; SUPARCO said in the statement.&nbsp;Precision agriculture and food securityAccording to SUPARCO, the HS-1 satellite&rsquo;s hyperspectral imaging capabilities will enable precision farming by capturing detailed spectral data to assess crop health, soil moisture, and irrigation efficiency.&nbsp;&ldquo;The satellite will provide detailed insights into crop health, soil moisture, and irrigation patterns,&rdquo; the commission stated, adding that this technology is expected to improve crop yield estimation by 15&ndash;20 percent, contributing directly to national food security.&nbsp;Urban development and environmental monitoringThe agency said that HS-1 will also play a key role in urban planning and environmental management. Equipped with high-resolution sensors, the satellite will help map infrastructure, monitor environmental changes, and analyze patterns of urban expansion.&nbsp;&ldquo;It will support sustainable city planning, land-use assessment, and efficient resource management,&rdquo; SUPARCO noted.&nbsp;Disaster management and early warningSUPARCO emphasized that the satellite will be a critical tool for early warning systems and post-disaster response. Its advanced imaging technology will facilitate flood prediction, landslide tracking, and geo-hazard assessment, particularly in Pakistan&rsquo;s mountainous and seismically active regions such as the Karakoram Highway and northern areas.&nbsp;&ldquo;HS-1 will enhance disaster preparedness by providing timely data on floods, earthquakes, deforestation, and land degradation,&rdquo; the statement added.&nbsp;Space self-relianceThe launch of HS-1 is part of Pakistan&rsquo;s efforts to strengthen its remote sensing capabilities and expand its space-based infrastructure. SUPARCO said the mission aligns with the National Space Policy and SUPARCO Vision 2047, which aim to position Pakistan as a regional leader in space technology and innovation.&nbsp;&ldquo;This mission reflects Pakistan&rsquo;s commitment to leveraging space technology for sustainable national development,&rdquo; SUPARCO concluded.

Pakistan will launch its first hyperspectral satellite, HS-1, from China’s Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre tomorrow, enhancing capabilities in agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning under SUPARCO’s Vision 2047 for sustainable national development and space innovation.

Articles tagged with "Space"

James Webb telescope spots mysterious non-rotating early galaxy

NASA Rover detects rare organic molecules on Mars

NASA to bring SpaceX Crew-11 back early over medical concerns

Space sovereignty: Pakistan’s fight for space rights

Pakistan to launch first hyperspectral satellite from China today